·¢ÐÅÈË: albin (°¢ÀÖ±ó), ÐÅÇø: LINUX ±ê Ìâ: LINUXÑ¡Ð޿ν²Ò壺Îļþϵͳ ·¢ÐÅÕ¾: ±Ìº£ÇàÌì (Wed Apr 21 23:35:36 1999), תÐÅ °æÈ¨ÉùÃ÷£º ±¾ÎÄÄÚÈÝΪ´óÁ¬Àí¹¤´óѧLINUXÑ¡Ð޿ν²Ò壬»¶Ó­´ó¼Ò×ªÔØ£¬µ«½ûֹʹÓñ¾²ÄÁϽøÐÐ ÈκÎÉÌÒµÐÔ»òÓ®ÀûÐԻ¡£×ªÔØÊ±Çë±£Áô±¾°æÈ¨ÉùÃ÷¡£ ×÷ÕߣººÎ±óÎ䣬hbwork@dlut.edu.cn,´óÁ¬Àí¹¤´óÑ§ÍøÂçÖÐÐÄ£¬April 1999. URL: ftp://ftp.dlut.edu.cn/pub/PEOPLE/albin/ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Îļþϵͳ UNIXÎļþϵͳ¿ØÖÆÎļþºÍĿ¼ÖеÄÐÅÏ¢ÒÔºÎÖÖ·½Ê½´æÔÚ´ÅÅ̼°ÆäËû¸¨Öú½éÖÊÉÏ¡£Ëü ¿ØÖÆÃ¿¸öÓû§¿ÉÒÔ·ÃÎʺÎÖÖÐÅÏ¢¼°ÈçºÎ·ÃÎÊ¡£Òò´ËËüÊÇÔöÇ¿UNIXϵͳ°²È«ÐÔµÄ×î»ù±¾ µÄ¹¤¾ßÖ®Ò»¡£ ´æ´¢ÔÚUNIXÎļþϵͳÖеÄÐÅÏ¢±»°²ÅųÉĿ¼ºÍÎļþµÄÊ÷Ðνṹ¡£Ê÷ÐνṹÓÉÔÚÒ»¸ö×Ü Ä¿Â¼ÖеÄĿ¼ºÍ×ÓĿ¼¹¹³É£¬×ÜĿ¼±»³ÆÖ®Îª¸ùĿ¼(root)¡£Ã¿Ò»¸öĿ¼ÄÚ¿ÉÒÔ°üº¬ ×ÓĿ¼ºÍÆäËûÏîÄ¿£¬ÈçÎļþ¡¢Ö¸ÏòÆäËûÎļþϵͳµÄÖ¸Õ루·ûºÅÁ¬½Ó£©¡¢±íʾÉ豸µÄÂß ¼­Ãû³Æ(Èç/dev/tty)ÒÔ¼°ÆäËûµÄÀàÐÍ(procµÈ). Îļþ UNIXϵͳÖÐÿһ¸öÓû§¿É·ÃÎʵÄÊÂÎï¾ù¿ÉÒÔ±»±íʾΪÎļþϵͳÖеÄÒ»¸ö¡°Îļþ¡±¡ª¡ª °üÀ¨½ø³ÌºÍÍøÂçÁ¬½Ó¡£Ã¿Ò»¸öÎļþÖÁÉÙ¾ßÓÐÒ»¸öÎļþÃû£¬Ò»¸öÓµÓÐÕߣ¬ÒÔ¼°·ÃÎÊȨÏÞ ºÍÆäËûµÄÊôÐÔ¡£ÕâЩÊôÐÔ±»´æ·ÅÔÚÎļþϵͳµÄi½Úµã(index node)ÉÏ£¬ÕâÊÇ»ù±¾Îļþ ϵͳµÄÌõÄ¿¡£i½Úµã´æ·Å³ýÎļþÃûÍâÓйØÎļþϵͳµÄÈκζ«Î÷¡£Ö»ÓÐÎļþÃû´æ·ÅÔÚĿ¼ ÄÚ£¬²¢Í¨¹ýÖ¸ÕëÓëi½ÚµãÁªÏµ¡£ Ŀ¼ Ŀ¼ÊÇÎļþϵͳÖеÄÒ»¸öרÃŵÄÌõÄ¿¡£Ò»¸öĿ¼ʵ¼ÊÉÏÊÇÎļþÃûºÍi½ÚµãµÄÁÐ±í¡£Îļþ Ãû¿ÉÒÔÓÉÈÎÒâ×Ö·ûµÄ×Ö·û´®×é³É£¬µ«²»Äܰüº¬/ºÍnull×Ö·û¡£ ÓëÎļþÃûÏàÁªÏµµÄÊÇÊý×ÖÖ¸Õ룬Ëüʵ¼ÊÉÏÊÇÒ»¸öi½ÚµãÔÚ´ÅÅÌÉϵÄË÷Òý¡£Ò»¸öi½Úµã°ü º¬ÎļþϵͳÖÐÒ»¸öÎļþÌõÄ¿µÄÐÅÏ¢¡£ Ŀ¼ÖÐÖ»°üº¬ÎļþÃûºÍi½ÚµãË÷ÒýÊý£¬²»´æ·ÅÈκÎÐèÒª±£»¤µÄÐÅÏ¢£¬Æä×÷ÓÃÀàËÆÒ»¸ö ÎļþÃûÓëi½ÚµãÖ®¼äµÄÓ³Éä¹ØÏµµÄ¼òµ¥µÄ¹ØÏµÊý¾Ý¿â¡£¶à¸öÎļþ¿ÉÒÔÖ¸Ïòͬһ¸öi½Úµã¡£ ͬÑù¶à¸öĿ¼Ҳ¿ÉÒÔÖ¸Ïòͬһ¸öi½Úµã¡£ rm²»Ò»¶¨ÄÜÕæÕýɾ³ýÒ»¸öÎļþ£¬µ±i½ÚµãµÄÁ¬½ÓֵΪ0ʱ²ÅÕæÕýɾ³ýÎļþ¡£ ÿһ¸öĿ¼¶¼°üº¬ÓÐ. ºÍ ..Á½¸öĿ¼¡£ i½Úµã UNIXϵͳÖÐÓ¦ÓÃÒ»¸ö±»³ÆÖ®Îªi½Úµã(inode)µÄ½á¹¹À´´æ´¢ÎļþϵͳÖеĸ÷¸ö¼¶³É²¿·Ö µÄ¹ÜÀíÐÅÏ¢¡£i½ÚµãפÁôÔÚÓ²ÅÌÉÏ£¬Ã»ÓÐ×Ô¼ºµÄÃû×Ö£¬µ«¾ßÓÐË÷ÒýÊý£¬ÓÃÒÔÖ¸ÏòËüÃÇÔÚ i½ÚµãÊý×éÖеÄλÖᣠÿ¸öi½Úµãͨ³£°üÀ¨£º . ¸ÃÊý¾ÝÌõÄ¿µÄÄÚÈÝÔÚ´ÅÅÌÉϵÄλÖà . ¸ÃÊý¾ÝÌõÄ¿µÄÀàÐÍ(Îļþ¡¢Ä¿Â¼¡¢·ûºÅÁ¬½ÓµÈ) . ¸ÃÊý¾ÝÌõÄ¿µÄ×Ö½ÚÊýÄ¿ . ¸Ã½Úµã×îºóÒ»´Î±»Ð޸ĵÄʱ¼ä(ctime) . ¸ÃÎļþ×îºóÒ»´Î±»Ð޸ĵÄʱ¼ä(mtime) . ¸ÃÎļþ×îºóÒ»´Î±»·ÃÎʵÄʱ¼ä(atime) . ¸ÃÎļþ¶ÔÓ¦µÄÎļþÃûÊýÄ¿(Á¬½ÓÊý) . UID . GID . MODE bit µ±Ç°Ä¿Â¼ºÍ·¾¶ ¾ø¶Ô·¾¶ VS Ïà¶Ô·¾¶ ʹÓÃlsÃüÁî ls -a ls -lF (TotalÐÐÖ¸³öÁËĿ¼ÖÐÈ«²¿ÎļþËùÕ¼¾ÝµÄKBÊý¡£) ls -aF (* / = @) ls -l (mtime) ls -lu (atime) ls -lc (ctime) ÎļþÊÚȨ (ls -lÊä³ö) *** ¿ÉÖ´ÐÐλ½ö¶ÔÓÚ¿ÉÖ´ÐÐÎļþÓÐÒâÒå¡£ LINUXÖбØÐë¼´ÓµÓÐÖ´ÐÐȨÏÞÒ²ÓµÓжÁȨÏÞʱ²ÅÄܹ»Ö´ÐÐÏà¸öscriptÃüÁî¡£ ʹÓÃchmodÃüÁî chmod [Rfh] [agou] [+-=] [rwxXstugo] filelist ȨÏÞ r read w write x execute(or access for directories) X ½öµ±ÎļþÊÇÒ»¸öĿ¼»òÒ»¸öÒѾ­É豸ÁËijЩִÐÐλµÄÎļþʱ£¬ÉèÖÃÖ´ÐÐȨÏÞ s set user or group id t save program text on swap device(Sticky) u ´ÓÓµÓÐÕßµÄÊÚȨÖÐɾ³ý·ÃÎÊȨ g ´ÓÓû§×éµÄÊÚȨÖÐɾ³ý·ÃÎÊȨ g ´ÓÆäËûÓû§µÄÊÚȨÖÐɾ³ý·ÃÎÊȨ 8½øÖƵÄÎļþÊôÐÔ 4000 SUID 2000 SGID 1000 sticky 0400 -r-------- 0200 --w------- 0100 ---x------ 0040 ----r----- 0020 -----w---- 0010 ------x--- 0004 -------r-- 0002 --------w- 0001 ---------x umaskÃüÁî umask¹¦ÄܵĽӿÚÊÇÔÚsh,ksh,csh shell³ÌÐòÄÚµÄÒ»¸öÄÚÔÚµÄÃüÁ£ ĬÈÏÎļþ½¨Á¢Ä£Ê½: 0666 ¼ÆËãumaskÖµµÄÒ»¸ö¼ò±ã·½·¨£ºÔÚumaskÖУ¬2ÆÁ±Îд׼Ðí룬7ÆÁ±ÎËùÓÐȨÏÞ¡£ ʹÓÃĿ¼ȨÏÞ UNIX½«Ä¿Â¼µÄÄÚÈÝ´æ·ÅÔÚÆÕͨµÄÎļþÖС£µ«Ä¿Â¼µÄȨÏÞÓëÆÕͨÎļþÓÐËùÇø±ð¡£ r ¶Á ¿ÉÓÃopendir() readdir()»òlsÕÒ³öÄǸöÎļþÔÚÕâ¸öĿ¼ÄÚ w д ¿ÉÒÔн¨¡¢É¾³ý»òÖØÃüÃûÔÚÕâ¸öĿ¼ÄÚµÄÎļþ»ò×ÓĿ¼ x Ö´ÐÐ ¿ÉÒÔstatÕâ¸öĿ¼µÄÄÚÈÝ(ÈçÈ·¶¨Ä¿Â¼µÄËùÓÐÕߣ¬ºÍÔÚĿ¼ÖеÄÎļþµÄ³¤ ¶È). ½öÔÚÉèÖôËλʱ²ÅÄÜʹ´ËĿ¼³ÉΪµ±Ç°µÄĿ¼»ò´ò¿ªÔÚ¸ÃĿ¼(»ò ËüµÄ×ÓĿ¼)ÄÚµÄÎļþ¡£ ³£ÓõÄĿ¼ȨÏÞ 0755 / /usr/bin ÈκÎÈË¿ÉÒÔ¿´µ½Ä¿Â¼µÄÄÚÈÝ£¬µ«Ö»ÓÐÓµÓÐÕߺÍroot²ÅÄܸıäËü 1777 /tmp /var/mail ÈκÎÓû§¿ÉÒÔÔÚ¸ÃĿ¼ÄÚ½¨Á¢Îļþ£¬µ«²»ÄÜɾ³ýÆäËûÓû§µÄ Îļþ 0700 $HOME Óû§¿ÉÒÔ·ÃÎÊ×Ô¼ºµÄÖ÷Ŀ¼µÄÄÚÈÝ£¬µ«ÆäËûÓû§Ôò²»¿É¡£ ɾ³ý²»Ç¡µ±µÄÎļþ $rm ./-foo $rm - -foo $rm -i * SUID passwd su SUID/SGID/sticky ---s------ SUID Ö´ÐдËSUIDµÄ½ø³ÌµÄÓÐЧUID±»ÉèÖÃΪ³ÌÐòÓµÓÐÕßµÄUID ------s--- SGID ---------t sticky(Ò»°ãÖ»ÓÃÓÚĿ¼) ---S------ SUID ÉèÖÃSUIDµ«²»ÉèÖÃÏàӦλµÄÖ´ÐÐλ *** ²»ÒªÐ´SUIDµÄShell Script, ±ØÒªÊ±¸ÄÓÃperl(taintperl) ÕÒµ½ËùÓеÄSUIDºÍSGIDÎļþ find / \( -perm -004000 -o -perm -002000 \) -type f -print OR ( Except for NFS ) find / \( -local -o -prune \) \ \(-perm -004000 -o -perm -002000 \) -type f -print ÔÚ±»mountµÄÎļþϵͳÖйرÕSUIDºÍSGID mount -o nosuid ..... (Ò»°ãÓÃÓÚNFS) É豸Îļþ É豸ÎļþÊǵ¼ÖÂUNIXÁ÷ÐкÍÁé»îµÄÔ­ÒòÖ®Ò»¡£ /dev Ŀ¼ /dev/null /dev/kmem αÉ豸 /dev/MAKEDEV ´ó¶àÊýÉ豸ÎļþÓ¦²»ÔÊÐíÆÕͨÓû§¶Áд. ·Ç·¨µÄÉ豸Îļþ ²»ÔÚ/devĿ¼Ï£¬¿ÉÄÜΪ·Ç·¨ÇÖÈëÕßÌṩ¿ÉÀûÓÃÈë¿Ú£º find / \( -type c -o -type b \) -exec ls -l {} \; find / \! -type f -a \! -type d -exec ls {} \; (°üº¬·ûºÅÁ¬½Ó£¬PIPEµÈ) chown ¸Ä±äÎļþËùÓÐÕß chgrp ¸Ä±äÎļþµÄÊô×é -- ¡ù À´Ô´:£®±Ìº£ÇàÌì bbs.dlut.edu.cn£®[FROM: apple.dlut.edu.c]